Equipa atual da SPEA Madeira |
Local da prospeção de ninhos de cagarra. |
Ave adulta no ninho. |
A cagarra faz o ninho em
cavidades naturais, como fendas nas rochas ou sob amontoados de pedras, ou
podem ser escavados no solo. Põem apenas um ovo, e ambos os progenitores cuidam
da cria, fazendo muitas vezes longas viagens pelo mar, em busca de alimento.
Apesar de viver mais de 30 anos, o facto de pôr apenas um ovo e de levarem
tanto tempo a atingir a idade reprodutora faz com que a espécie seja muito
vulnerável a ameaças como a predação por espécies invasoras, as capturas acidentais
na pesca, a perda de habitat, caça ilegal e, claro, a poluição luminosa.
Régua, luvas e craveira: alguns dos materiais indispensáveis. |
Medição de ovo. |
Os dados biométricos recolhidos
são o peso da ave, o tamanho das asas, do bico e dos tarsos, utilizando uma régua para as asas e uma craveira. A ave é pesada dentro do saco utilizando uma balança portátil com um gancho. Nos ninhos
acessíveis, também medimos a altura e largura do ovo. Os ninhos foram também
medidos.
Retirada de um adulto do ninho utilizando as luvas e um saco. |
Recolha de dados biométricos. |
As aves marinhas, devido aos seus olhos sensíveis, ficam desorientadas e são vítimas de encadeamento ao saírem dos seus ninhos. Isso pode fazer com que colidam com infraestruturas, sejam atropeladas, se tornem presas de cães e gatos ou até morram de desidratação. Por esta razão, a SPEA relembra a importância da adoção de iluminação pública adequada, levando em consideração a eficiência energética, mas também o impacto na biodiversidade.
Este é o terceiro projeto na região dedicado exclusivamente à avaliação da poluição luminosa, após o projeto Mac 2014-2020 LuminAves (Poluição Luminosa e Conservação nos Arquipélagos da Macaronésia - Redução dos efeitos Nocivos da Luz artificial sobre as Populações de Aves Marinhas) e o projeto LIFE4Best Seabirds Macaronesian Sounds (SMS).
Since the beginning of July 2021, our SPEA Madeira team has been out in the field to prospect for Cory’s shearwater nests (Calonectris borealis)!
In a known and isolated colony along the coast, we have been making efforts to find nests with signs of occupation, that is, with feathers or feces, and nests occupied with adult birds (couples) and eggs. Some nests are in areas that are difficult to access, and require the use of a burrowscope to see inside the nest because they are too deep.
The Cory’s shearwater is the largest seabird and the largest population in the Madeira archipelago. On the island of Madeira, it has small fragmented colonies. This chosen colony has been studied in recent years. In 2018 it had 24 potential nests, of which 8 were occupied. This July, our team found more than 30 potential nests, some with signs of presence, and 10 occupied, and with eggs.
Cory’s shearwater nest in natural cavities, such as crevices in rocks or under piles of stones, or they can be dug into the ground. They lay only one egg, and both parents care for the offspring, often making long journeys across the sea in search of food. Despite living for more than 30 years, the fact that they lay only one egg and take so long to reach the reproductive age makes the species very vulnerable to threats such as predation by invasive species, accidental catches in fishing, loss of habitat, poaching and, of course, light pollution.
We plan to ring, collect biometric data and install a GPS logger on every adult bird that has an egg. This way, in August, the loggers will be collected as the adults will return to the nest to feed the young, and it reduces the risk of material being lost. The data collected from the loggers will make it possible to obtain more information about the path that the Cory’s shearwater takes along the coast, from the nest to the sea and vice versa, which allows us to recognize the effects that artificial night light can have on seabirds.
The biometric data collected are the weight of the bird, the size of the wings, beak and tarsi. The bird is weighted inside a bag, using a small portable scale with a hook. In accessible nests, we also measure the height and width of the egg. Nests were also measured.
This work is part of the INTERREG MAC Energy Efficiency Laboratories (EELabs) project. The island of Madeira houses its first light pollution laboratory, the third implemented under the project. Astronomers from the Canary Islands Astrophysics Institute and SPEA Madeira technicians installed the first photometers in the eastern part of the island of Madeira (Santa Cruz, Machico and Santana), whose collected data, together with the GPS tracking of Cory’s shearwater adults, will allow the identification of the more problematic areas for seabirds in relation to light pollution on the island, allowing to prioritize places that need changes in lighting.
This project, which takes place in Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands, is based on the development and installation of a network of autonomous photometers – small devices that will map light pollution and measure the impact of artificial night light on biodiversity. Thirty pieces of equipment will be installed in the east of Madeira, in addition to more than a hundred already implemented on the islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife and Corvo.
One of these photometers will be installed at the site of the Cory’s shearwater colony we are prospecting.
Seabirds, due to their sensitive eyes, are disoriented and are victims of chaining when leaving their nests. This can cause them to crash into infrastructure, get run over, become prey for dogs and cats, or even die of dehydration. For this reason, SPEA recalls the importance of adopting adequate public lighting, taking into account energy efficiency, but also the impact on biodiversity.
This is the third project in the region dedicated exclusively to the assessment of light pollution, after the 2014-2020 Mac LuminAves project (Light Pollution and Conservation in the Macaronesia Archipelagos - Reduction of the Harmful Effects of Artificial Light on Seabird Populations) and the project LIFE4Best Seabirds Macaronesian Sounds (SMS).
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